Frustrated Serbian people, this thesis may come as a balm to the wound. Never mind that constantly is defeated, it is important that we Croats created a letter! Poor Croats! Without us, they wou?d have been illiterate! It is a psychological basis, which allows for easy acceptance of this thesis. Unfortunately (or fortunately), this thesis has no scientific basis. To answer the question of who is the creator of the Latin alphabet used today by Croats, Bosnians and Serbs, a large number is necessary to know the Latin language, cultural and historical circumstances Vuk's age and the methodology of scientific research. Dr. Milosavljevic shows the lack of it.
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As the main evidence for the claim that the wolf creator "Serbian Latin," Dr. Milosavljevic offers three tables that are into wolves work. Therefore, each of them must be carefully analyzed.
2 "Serbian Dictionary" (1818)
In the book "The Serbian alphabet" (2006) Dr. Milosavljevic published a table of the first edition of "Serbian Dictionary" (1818) and below it wrote: "According to Vuk (or equine animals) Serbs have two scripts: Cyrillic and Latin" (p. 380) . To answer the question whether this conclusion is correct, it is necessary to consider the table as a whole.
In this table, the original p. LXIX, given the 11 letters of the people: the first is in Cyrillic, and another 10 in Latin.
The first question a reasonable person could read: Who was the one who compiled the table? At the beginning of his "Serbian Dictionary" (p. viii) Wolf admitted that he was writing in Latin and German helped Jernej Kopitar. All tables are written in Latin, so it can be easy to assume that it is composed Kopitar. However, the question of who compiled the table is irrelevant compared to what is most important to you is the compiler of the table at the same time the creator of these letters? The answer is obvious: those who draw up some - as it says in the title - "comparative list of letters Europe" ("Europae alphabetise parallēlismos ") does not mean it is the creator of all these letters. And we're talking about a psychological trap.
Since it is well known that the reformer Vuk "Slavic", ie. Church Slavonic Cyrillic, modern uncritical researcher can easily imagine that the wolf had to be a reformer of long letters. In fact, cultural istrorijska situation "of neighboring nations and other religions of Europe" ("Cinerama popularity et alias cultural Europa") was very different. The main was that the Orthodox Shtokavians, ie. Serbs used excessive alphabet that no longer fit their phonetic system. Wolf in "Serbian Dictionary" states that "Slavic" alphabet has 45 letters, and proposes to her retain only 23 letters (p. XXXIII). As you can see from the page. LXIX, semivowel "because" (ʹ) is also not admitted in the alphabet. Therefore, the transition to expel 23 letters, and keep only 22 In addition, he proposes that the Serbian alphabet Add six new letters "Koji Slavs have (f, j, lj, nj, ć, J.)" (p. XXXV). These letters are found in the actually permanganate table. Vuk, therefore, proposes to remove or add 39 letters. This is a very radical reform. Among the western Christian nations there was no need for such a radical reform. Some digram contained, digraphs or dvoslovlja, some phonemes did not have a case, but certainly there was no need for radical reform. Same is the case with the letter "Serbs Latin rite" ("Serb. Lat."). The drastic change in their letters not only did not need. Not only did the team work there was a compelling need, but it could not reach by any Orthodox what was the wolf. Orthodox circles were very opposed Vukovoj reform "Slavic" alphabet, so the wolf constantly had to justify that it is not a heretic. In such an atmosphere, Wolf could not think of refromisanje letters "Serbs Latin rite" ("Serb. Lat."). Their letter is in the second column and requires special attention.
3 What does the abbreviation " Serb. lat " ?
For modern researchers is a great temptation to the abbreviation "Serb. lat. "translated as" Serbian Latin ". This conclusion is incorrect, because it is based on ignorance of the Latin language, cultural and historical circumstances Vuk time.
It is important to note that the first column does not read "Serb. Cyrill. "-" Serbian Cyrillic ", but" Serb. graeca. "What does that mean? This may be an acronym for: Serbia graeci rite - Serbs Greek rite; Serbii graeci Cult - Serbs Greek worship; Serbii Graecae fidei - the Serbs of Greek religion; Serbii Graecae confessionis - Serbs of Greek religion; Serbii Graecae religionis - Serbs of Greek religion. Regardless of whether it is a ritual (rite), worship (cultus), faith (fides), religion (Confessio) or religion (religio), in all cases, this means that the word of Orthodox Serbs.
Above the second column reads: "Serb. lat. "which could also be an acronym for several terms: Serbia Latina rite - Serbian Latin rite, the Latin Serbii Cult - Serbian Latin liturgy; Serbii latinae fidei - Serbian Latin faith; Serbii latinae confessionis - Serbian Latin religion; Serbii latinae religionis - Serbian Latin religion. In all cases, this means that the word of the Catholic Serbs.
That it is the correct reading of the inscription suggests the title of the table: "Letters Serbs with comparative letters neighboring nations and other religions of Europe" ("Alphabet Serborum cum viciniorum popularium et aliis cultioris Europae alphabetise parallēlismos "). The reason why a wolf, or, more likely Kopitar, next to the "people" and mentioned "religion" is that he knew that Shtokavians divided into three religions ("Greek Orthodox," "Law of Turkey," "Roman law").
Therefore, when the modern researcher Dr. Peter Milosavljevic in the book "Serbian letters" (2006) argues that this table shows that "the Serbs have two scripts: Cyrillic and Latin" (p. 380), he forgets to add that these letters divided by clear religious criteria: Cyrillic letters Orthodox štokavaca ("Serbs of Greek Rite"), a Catholic štokavaca latinica letter ("Serbian Latin rite").
The conclusion of the previous analysis could be: letter located under the heading "Serb. lat. "is not a letter no matter where Serbs, but only those" Latin rite ". Now we can ask: are these "Serbs Latin rite" general feeling Serbs? The answer to this question is given a wolf St. Karadzic and study "Serbs All and Everywhere" (1836).
4 "Serbs All and Everywhere" (1836)
Wolf's study of "Serbs All and Everywhere" was written in 1836 and published in the book "The Medicine Chest of the history, language and customs of the Serbs all three laws" (1849). It is argued that the only real Croats čakavci and kekavci (or kajkavci), while Shtokavians Serbs. But he was honest and a study presented to the state courts from which it can be seen that this distinction by the linguistic criterion is not the reality. He specifically says that only those "Greek Orthodox" (the Orthodox faith) call themselves Serbs or Serbians, and "others of this name is not going to accept" (p. 2). He explicitly says that Muslims consider themselves true Turks, "though not one of the hundreds know Turkish" (p. 2). For Catholics says himself, "named after the places where they live": Slavonian, Bosnians (or Bosniaks), Dalmatians and Dubrovnik, and to writers usually called Illyrians and Illyrians. Wolf added that he also called the prvoslavci: Bunjevcima (Backa), Šokci (in Srem, Slavonia and Hrvatakoj), Latin (around Dubrovnik and the Bay of Kotor), and "in the friendly conversation" and Christians. To avoid any confusion, adding that "the Serbs of the Roman law will not Serbs to call it "(p. 3). Thus, Wolf himself admits that in fact there are no Serbs "three laws", but only "Greek Orthodox." His opinion on the existence of "Serbs all three laws" did not reflect the situation on the ground. It is the fruit of his desire, not reality.
The conclusion of the previous analysis could be: a letter that Vuk (ie Kopitar) said the "Serbian Dictionary" (1818) under the heading "Serb. lat. "letter is štokavaca those who" do not the Serbs to call. " With this reality Vuk was not pleased.
5 "Clash of Civilizations"
Wolf St. Karadzic was aware that religion affects the national determination, but the time is not reconciled. This non-acceptance is expressed in the study "Serbs All and Everywhere": "When a man thinks, n. p. Hungarians that also has Roman and Calvinist law, so everyone calls Hungarians, or: the Germans have and the Roman and Lutoranskoga and Calvinist law, and all the Germans call again, should not be surprised that at least these Serbs Roman law will not Serbs to call "(p. 3).
What Wolf could not understand is that the Catholics and the Protestants, despite theological differences, there is a civilizational difference, and lost between both Orthodox and Catholics, despite the theological similarities, there are differences of civilization. The reason why the Hungarians and Germans could form a multi-religious nation, and the Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks, who speak the same language, they could lie in civilizational differences. About them convincingly tells the American political scientist Samuel P. Huntington (Samuel P. Huntington) in his book "The Clash of Civilizations and the remaking of world order" (2000). Catholicism and Protestantism, despite theological differences, constitute a unique Western civilization and Orthodox Christianity and Islam constitute a separate civilization. Catholic and Protestant theology is more different than Catholics and Orthodox, and does not constitute two civilizations than one. On the other hand, the Orthodox, who are of the Catholic Theological less different than Protestants constitute a civilization. With that in mind, it is clear why the Hungarians and Germans, among whom were Catholics and Protestants, may constitute a nation based on language, not on religious principle, and it can not istojezični Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks. Inoverje not an obstacle to the formation of the nation when it comes to Catholics and Protestants, but it is when it comes to the Orthodox, Catholics and Muslims. The difference is civilizations.
Lack of understanding of the importance of religion prompted the wolf to all Shtokavians considered Serbs. It did not suit the actual state of things at the time of Vuk Karadzic, much less to the present. The wolf is prenebregnuo factor of religion, and does the dr Milosavljevic. In addition to this oversight, Dr. Milosavljevic know how to do this and other errors: methodological. One of them is related to the "first Serbian Primer" (1827).
6 "The first Serbian Primer" (1827)
In the book "The Serbian alphabet" (2006) Dr. Milosavljevic published a table (p. 395), which - according to him - is the wolves "by the First Serbian primer" (1827). In fact, this primer has 17 small pages, and it is not in any table. The table was actually first released only at the beginning of Vuk translation of the New Testament (1847). Only after Vuk's death, the table is inserted in the reprint edition of "First Serbian Primer". First reprint edition in which it is located is what the National Library of Serbia in 1978. The editor of this edition was Dr. Golub Dobrašinović. In fact, no matter who he was and when you put that table in reprint edition of "First Serbian Primer", it is important that it is not in its original. Apparently Dr. Milosavljevic used fraudulent reprint edition, as it is the date the central government. This failure led him to the conclusion that the Latin of the second column of the Wolf "I made and published as Illyrian Latin" (p. 292). In fact, when the table was issued (1847) "Illyrian latinica" was already long in use by the Illyrians. Wolf did not have a compelling need of opportunities that it creates.
7 "The New Testament" (1847)
To understand what the Vukovoj table at the beginning of the New Testament says, one must understand an important cultural movement that took place in the meantime - Illyrian. Its essence is that the Croats (kekavci or kajkavci) accepted for their literary language štokavski and together with the Catholic Shtokavians ("Serbs Latin rite") started calling the Illyrians. This change is evident on you Vukovog New Testament from in 1847. In her first letter stands Serbian ("SERBICO."), And the other Illyrian ("Illyr."). In this table the letter does not mention the Catholic štokavaca ("Serbian Latin rite") or letter Croats (kekavaca or kajkavaca), because they were then considered Illyrians.
Letters to the Illyrian letter are very similar to the letter "of the Serbs Latin rite" that is shown in the table in 1818. This means that Croats, now renamed the Illyrians, took some of the letters "Serbian Latin rite." Thus dy replace the dj , ly in lj , a ny y nj , NW in s , cz in C and so on. All of these letters changes are of great importance: the letter was left with the Latin minor changes. It is significant that the Croats and Catholic Shtokavians ("Serbs Latin rite") renounced their national names and rename it to the Illyrians.
8 "Serbian Dictionary" (1852)
When Austria banned the Illyrian name (1843), Illyrians were able to call themselves Serbs, but failed to do so. The language they spoke and were Serbs, but the language is not a factor prevailed. Outweighed the factor of religion. Illyrians took the name of Croats. The fact that the Illyrians spoke stokavian language did not affect the fact that they start to feel the Serbs. Factor religion took the victory. This change can be seen in the second edition of Vuk "Serbian Dictionary" (1852), where the Illyrians called Croat [ii] = Croats.
9 National identities
The backbone of the modern Croatian identity is not just the language , but also religion and writing . Language is not shared with the neighboring Italians, Slovenians, Austrians and Hungarians, and religion is not shared with the neighboring Serbs and Bosniaks.
The backbone of the modern Serbian identity is not just the language , but also religion and writing . Language does not share with the Hungarians, Romanians, Bulgarians and Macedonians, and religion do not share with neighboring Croats and Bosniaks. With the Montenegrins share language and religion, but not the same rights of political consciousness.
10 Factor religion
In order to correctly and comprehensively understand Vukove table is necessary to know the Latin language, cultural and historical circumstances in which they are incurred. Professor Milosavljevic and other modern scholars tend to underestimate the factor of religion. In the book "The Serbian letters" Professor Milosavljevic wrote: "The traditional philological principle is that national identity is determined by the language" (p. 5). Convinced of its accuracy, the author repeats the sentence in the article "Today's Serbian alphabet: Cyrillic and Latin" (St. Vitus Day, 21 February 2011). However, this attitude is an expression of extreme one-sidedness. National identities formed in addition to the language, and many other factors: religion, letter, state and political traditions, etc..
That national identity is not determined only language proves Wolves studies "Serbs All and Everywhere" and his (ie Kopitar's) table. Based on his (ie Kopitareva) table from in 1818. see that religion was the one who shared Shtokavians the Orthodox and Catholics, and thus their letters. For others (1847) shows that the Catholic Shtokavians ("Serbs Latin rite") and Croats were united to the Illyrian nation. The basis of their union was the Roman Catholic religion. Croats were willing to abandon their language, even their ethnic name, but not the religion. Catholic Shtokavians ("Serbs Latin rite") were willing to abandon their ethnic name, but not the religion. As suggested by Vuk tables, Catholic Shtokavians, inauthentic called "Serbs Latin rite" (1818), assimilated the Illyrians in the first (1847) and then the Croats (1852). Despite these changes, retained their alphabets (Latin) and his religion (Roman Catholicism). Factors that are crucial divided Croats and Serbs were a religion and a letter , not a language .
11 The general picture
Three tables (1818, 1847, 1852) differ in details, but they are one in common: a letter to the Eastern Christians (Orthodox) in Cyrillic, the alphabet of Western Christians (Catholics and Protestants) Latin. Since today there are Catholic Serbs as an important national and cultural factors, the current letter Serbs essentially be a Cyrillic.
12 The question of identity
When the modern Serbian prvopisci write about "Serbian Latin," they thereby show their secular, Enlightenment views: the view that only the language defines national identity. As indicated by "Serbs All and Everywhere" (1836), this was not true of the Vukovo time, and it is not true even today.
The study "Serbs All and Everywhere" Vuk clearly that štokavaca has three types: three million Orthodox ("Greek Orthodox"), also called Serbs or Serbians, and two million of those "names this is not going to receive" (pp. . 2). Wolf estimates that of the two million is two-third of the "law of the Turkish" (ie, about 1.3 million) and one-third of the "Roman law" (ie, 750,000). Thus, the linguistic criterion was not congruent with ethnic. It is deliberately overlooked Vuk St. Karadzic and today overlooked - either consciously or unconsciously - and Dr. Milosavljevic.
Even today, the linguistic criterion is not reliable for determining national identity. In fact, it is extremely seductive. What essentially distinguishes today's Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks is not a language , but a religion . These three people are no different in language , but by religion . Therefore, it is impermissible to disregard some of the religious factor oversight.
Modern Latin widespread among Serbs indicates their wandering of identity - their weak national consciousness. Pravopisci suggesting that the Serbian alphabet and the Cyrillic and Latin work - perhaps unconsciously - to suppress the Cyrillic alphabet and orthodoxy, and therefore the Serbian Nationale consciousness. A key obstacle to building a strong and clear Serbian national identity represent Serbian intellectuals, especially philologists.
13 The ideological consequences of sleep Serbs "three laws"
Vuk's idea of the Serbs "three laws" is not only a historical utopia, but has proven to be disastrous for the Serbs. She played an extremely negative role of the Serbs. Serbs committed genocide in World War II greeted extremely ideologically unprepared. This ideological confusion Serbs study shows the great Dr. Michael Stanisic "expansionism Croats and Serbs rastojstvo" (1999). The main cause of the derangement of the Serbs was a belief in Vuk's idea of the Serbs "three laws". The Serbs were extremely embarrassed when Croats and Bosnian Muslims began to slaughter. They could not understand how those who speak the same language as they can so that they hate. They were very naive, because it is their intelligence to sleep talking about Serbs "three laws".
A similar thing happened half a century later. Serbian intelligence wondered why the Croats and Bosniaks again rose up against the Serbs (1991). She's still dreaming of Vuk's dream of the Serbs "three laws", ie. in the former terminology of "brotherhood and unity". While the list of all separated from the Serbs, Serbian intellectuals were utterly unprepared. There is a great reluctance Zoran Obenović described in the study "The disintegration of Yugoslavia and the Serbian political elite unwillingness to cause the breakup" (1994): "Serbian elite is neither spiritual nor politically was ready for a situation in which the rules of national and international law cease to exist and where the main Landmarks become state and national interests "(p. 396). The author is even clearer when he says: "At a time when Yugoslavia disintegrated with the help of the Western coalition and when the new nation-states emerged, the only people who did not have a minimum tacit consensus about its vital interests of the Serbian people. Until the last moment, the Serbian political elite has its own national interests, and when he insisted on them in particular, considered also in the perspective of Yugoslavia "(p. 396-397). The reason why the Serbian political elite is not ready for the break-up of Yugoslavia essentially was that he blindly believed in Yugoslav, ie. the "brotherhood and unity", ie. because I dreamed a dream Vuk Serbs "three laws".
Ideologically, the Movement for the Reconstruction srbistike is nothing more than a continuation of the Titoist ideology of "brotherhood and unity". The philological schools still dreaming the dream of Serb Vuk "three laws". And while we Croats and Bosniaks hate and despise srbističari suggest unite with them on the basis of a common language and to the Serbian name! It is dangerous mesečarstvo!
It is high time that the Serbian intelligence wake of Vuk's dream of the Serbs "three laws", the Titoist dream of "brotherhood and unity". Philologists of the dream represent a reality, the Serbs ideological lull. Serbs will not regenerate any "philological programs" because it is not the language that separates us from the Croats and Bosniaks. Serbs will be reborn only when they are applied "religious program" because it is faith that which separates us from them. While the Serbian intelligence does not understand, she will continue to dream of Vuk and Milosavljevic dream of the Serbs "three laws" and thus be exposed to danger unprepared to welcome another genocide.
14 Who, then, is the creator of the Latin?
Modern Latin alphabet used by all Shtokavians (Croats, Bunjevacs, Bosniaks, Gorani, Serbs and Montenegrins) is not a product of a single individual. When Petar Milosavljevic in the article "The key issue: the national program" (St. Vitus Day, March 8, 2011) argues that it is "the work of Serbian philologist Vuk Karadzic and ĐIR Daničića" on them udeljuje undeserved recognition. The creator of the Latin is not Ljudevit Guy. It is only its key propagator: one who is most deserving as the letter "of the Serbs Latin rite" (1818) accepted by kajkavaca (Zagorje Croats). United in language (štokavština), letter (srbokatoličkom) and religion (Roman Catholicism) incurred by the Illyrians, ie. Croats, and suggest that Vukove tabelele out in 1847. ("Illyrians") and in 1852. ("Croats"). All in all, the creator of the Latin is not one individual, but is the result of many centuries of environmental practices "Serbian Latin rite", ie. "Illyrians", ie. "Croat" - all in all - Roman Catholics. Vuk that process had nothing to do. To clear himself admits in "Letters Preosveštenome Mr. Plato Atanacković" (1845), calling the letter "Zagreb Illyrian or spelling" (footnote on p. 23; actually 21). And that's - adds Wolf - one of the letters "južnijeh Slavs Roman law." Sic! "Roman law" - that is, the Roman Catholics. Vuk locuta, cause Finito!
15 Conclusion
The thesis that the wolf creator "Serbian Latin" is not only inaccurate, but also socially harmful. It provides justification for the Serbs, the only one in the world, are dvoazbučan people. Such a situation is a sign of cultural and social schizophrenia. The thesis that the wolf creator "Serbian Latin" is not only wrong, but also reinforces that our cultural and social schizophrenia.
Sources
1 Karadžić, Vuk, "small case for the history, language and customs of the Serbs all three laws," Printing Armenian monastery, Vienna, in 1849.
2 Karadžić, Vuk (trans.), "The New Testament" Printing Jermarskoga monastery, Vienna, in 1847.
3 Karadžić, Vuk and Sava Tekelija, "Letters Visokopreosveštenome Mr. Plato Atanacković" Printing Armenian monastery, Vienna, in 1845.
4 Karadžić, Vuk, "The First Serbian Primer" Printing Armenian namastira, Vienna, in 1827.
5 Karadžić, Vuk, "Serbian Dictionary" Gedrudi bei den pp Armeniern, Vienna, in 1818.
6 Karadžić, Vuk, "Serbian Dictionary" Printing Jermanskog namastira, Vienna, in 1852.
Reprint edition
1 Karadžić, Vuk, "The First Serbian Primer", reprint edition, edited by Anthony Djurdjevic Management monastery Tronoša, no place, no year.
2 Karadžić, Vuk, "The First Serbian Primer", reprint edition, Editor in Chief: Dr. Aleksandar Pejovic, the National Library of Serbia, Belgrade, 1978.
3 Karadžić, Vuk, "The First Serbian Primer", reprint edition, editor in chief: Vojin Trivunović, Trivunija line, Banja Luka, 2007a.
Literature
1 Milosavljevic, Peter, "Serbian letters," saying, Banja Luka, 2006th
2 Obrenovic, Zoran, "The break-up of Yugoslavia and the Serbian political elite unwillingness to cause the break-up", in "Philosophy and Society IV: theoretical assumptions of understanding the breakup of Yugoslavia", Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory, Belgrade, 1994, p. 385-405.
3 Stanisic, Michael, "expansionism Croats and Serbs disorder," Official Gazette of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Belgrade, in 1999.
4 Samuel, Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations and the remaking of world order", 2 edition, CID, Podgorica, Romanov, Banja Luka, 2000th
5 Milosavljevic, Peter, "Today's Serbian alphabet: Cyrillic and Latin," St. Vitus Day, 21 february 2011.
6 Milosavljevic, Peter, "The key issue: the national program," St. Vitus, 8 March 2011.
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